闽方言是以地域划分的语言称谓(The Min dialect is a linguistic designation based on geographical division),由闽北话、闽南话、闽东话、闽中话、莆仙话五种汉语方言组成。其中,闽南方言区主要分布在闽南的二十四县、台湾及广东,海南和浙江的部分地区。
提及闽南方言区的传统音乐,大部分人第一个想到的可能就是南音了。南音保留了许多中国传统音乐的特点与技法,也记录着闽南地区悠久的传统和历史。(Nanyin retains many characteristics and techniques of traditional Chinese music, and also records the long tradition and profound history of the Minnan region.)
本期“记忆的味道”带领大家走进闽南,把一曲南音演奏的韵味悠悠。
闽方言区分布图
摘自《中国语言地图集》
上外英院传统文化志愿服务队的小伙伴们来到厦门鼓浪屿,联系了南音乐团的林团长,进行了实地拍摄和线下采访:
PART 01
唱一首中国音乐的“活化石”
据考证,南音最早诞生于唐朝,至今已有一千余年历史。(According to research, Nanyin was first born in the Tang Dynasty and has existed for more than 1,000 years.)由于战乱,唐玄宗时期大批人口迁移到当时繁荣稳定的福建等地,并带去北方的语言、艺术和生产技术。唐代“大曲”随之而来,并与泉州当地的民间音乐融合,逐渐形成独具特色的“南音”。(Tang Daqu appeared and fused with the local folk music of Quanzhou, gradually forming the unique “Nanyin”.)
五代十国时期,南音乐器已十分齐整。到了北宋,它脱离陪衬地位,形成独立的演奏方式和自己创作的曲牌。南宋时期,赵宋皇族为泉州南音注入宫廷乐,将其塑造为一种高雅优美的艺术形式。(During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Nanyin instruments were already very well organized. In the Northern Song period, its role as an accompaniment changed and an independent style of performance was developed along with its own Qupai. In the Southern Song period, the imperial family added court music to Quanzhou Nanyin, transforming it into an elegant and beautiful art style.)此时,南音独立的体系基本形成。
进入元代,南音有了更丰富多彩的发展。随着刺桐(今泉州)港口商贸繁荣,元杂剧、散曲的潮流席卷而来,戏剧人物和故事情节成为了南音的主要题材。(Dramatic characters and storylines became the main subject matter of Nanyin.)
明清年间,南音则进一步从鼎盛走向远播。(In its heyday during the Ming and Qing dynasties, Nanyin spread far and wide.)中国以强烈的文化辐射力,将这古朴典雅的韵律,传至东南亚诸国,在华侨聚居处,“南音一响解乡愁”。
现在,南音不仅是一门无与伦比的艺术,更成为了一种文化符号。(Nowadays, Nanyin is not only an incomparable art, but also a cultural symbol.)经过千百年的蜕变,南音带着先秦时五音之乐、汉代执节着歌的演奏形式、魏晋时的工尺谱、清商三调等古乐,从历史深处遥遥走来。
PART 02
奏一曲古朴隽雅的闽南腔调
南音乐器独具特色,别具一格。南音的主要乐器是曲项琵琶(“南琶”)和南音洞箫(“尺八”)。(Nanyin melodies are performed on distinctive instruments. Chief among them are the pipa, a crooked-neck lute, and the dongxiao, a bamboo flute.)与中国北方地区和江浙地区不同,弹奏时低音淳厚沉抑,中音明快柔和,高音坚实清脆、紧张尖锐。除南音表演者使用外,南琶和尺八在其他地方已很少见。此外,南音二弦、南音三弦、拍板等也在古韵南音中发挥了重要的作用。二弦演奏时应突出箫声,需具有“箫咬弦、弦入箫”的层次。
古色古香的唱法糅合在南音唱腔里,更是自成一派。由于西晋汉族移民南迁,中原雅言融入以泉州腔演唱的南音。(The southward migration of the Han Chinese in the Western Jin Dynasty (265-316) infused Yayan, the common dialect in the Central Plains area, into Nanyin, which had been sung in Quanzhou dialect.)而在南音的100多个滚门中,又以“中滚·十三腔”最具特色,其唱腔结构最为复杂。南音老艺人经常念叨:懂得唱“中滚·十三腔”,南音等于学会了一半。
演奏者正襟危坐,庄霞典雅,娴熟的技艺绽出一弦一弦的婉转,配合中滚·十三腔在齿间碾出的泉州腔调,犹如南国夏夜的玉兰花香,一阵阵沁入人们如疾如醉的心田。
PART 03
记一段欲语还休的真挚情怀
南音的曲词内容,除了描写春、夏、秋、冬,风、花、雪、月等自然景观,更多取材于唐宋时期的传奇话本和宋元时期、明代的戏剧故事,可谓“精妙无限”。(In addition to depicting the four seasons and natural scenery, the songs and scores of Nanyin retell the short stories of the Tang and Song dynasties and the drama stories of the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties, making it all the more appealing.)这其中保存了大量宋元南戏、元明杂剧的故事及唱段,唱词中有着丰富的宋词词汇。南音的曲牌名中,记载着许多古代名曲,风格古朴典雅、曲调优美、节奏徐缓、深入人心。
南音散曲《山险峻》,曲调优美、情感丰富,是一首演唱难度高,传唱广的名曲。汉代公主王昭君为保中原人民免受匈奴的侵扰,和亲匈奴,在途经雁门关的崇山峻岭时,以一曲《山险峻》抒发心中的忧愁与哀怨。曲调节奏快慢错落有致,故事引人入胜,成为南音散曲一大经典。
南音散曲《山险峻》
PART 04
续一段生生不息的传统血脉
新中国成立后,南音的传承保护受到了国家的重视。通过建立地方南音团、开办培训班、举办演唱活动等形式,为南音的传承和发展注入源源动力。(Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the preservation and continuation of Nanyin have become a national priority. Thanks to the formation of local Nanyin ensembles, the training courses available, the performances staged, and many other activities, Nanyin is living and thriving.)2006年,南音被列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。2009年9月30日,南音被联合国教科文组织正式列入《人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录》,开启了南音传承和发展的新篇章。
但南音的传承仍然面临着许多问题,最突出的是传承人的缺失。要想解决这个问题,就需要我们从年轻一代身上发力,激发对这一传统艺术形式的喜爱之心和传承热情。
在南音艺术繁荣和发展的过程中,许多南音工作者倾注心血,使得南音艺术得以薪传不息,发扬光大。南音也和其他艺术种类结合,产生“新南音”。南音的表现形式随着时代发展变得更多样化,这有利于大众认识并了解南音,从而更好地来保护和传承在这一古老艺术。(A new type of Nanyin has also come into existence through the combination of the music and other art forms. As the times change, Nanyin becomes more diverse in its expression, creating a better and deeper public understanding of the music, which further helps to preserve and pass down this centuries-old performing art.)
参考文献
[1] 龚万全. 南音 中国音乐史上的活化石[J]. 世界遗产, 2017, (1):128-131.
[2] 周卉.当代人文环境下福建南音的主要传承模式及启示[J].艺术教育,2008(02):96.
[3] 尚晶,张光宇.南音声乐发展之探索[J].人民音乐,2008(06):36-37.
[4] 从传承到发展 泉州南音走向世界
http://culture.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0613/c1013-31135455.html
[5] 南音:被低估的“中国音乐史活化石”
https://culture.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2014_02/27/34233827_0.shtml
译文参考文献
[1] CGTN: Fujian Nanyin: Ancient music becoming more popular online, https://news.cgtn.com/news/7a49444f32557a6333566d54/index.html
[2] UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage: Nanyin, https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nanyin-00199
[3] 中国文化网-Nanyin Music http://en.chinaculture.org/2014-12/05/content_584303_2.htm
图片来源
[1] 泉州网-第十三届泉州国际南音大会唱开幕 海内外弦友刺桐城唱响千年雅乐 https://www.qzwb.com/gb/content/2019-11/22/content_7011764.htm
[2] 泉州南音网-大事记 http://www.qznanyin.cn/nyfwzyc.html
[3] 泉州南音网-南音乐器图 http://qznyw.com/content/?132-145-87.html
[4] 搜狐网 南音《山险峻》_泉州 https://www.sohu.com/a/283927457_661410
[5] 百度百科 闽方言区 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%97%BD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80
我要评论 (网友评论仅供其表达个人看法,并不表明本站同意其观点或证实其描述)
全部评论 ( 条)